The standard model of the universe and its origin, the model of the structure of matter, was formed during the last century,
but it still retained the legacy of ancient philosophers in the form of the idea of elementary particles
as a basic building element – a sphere both in the nucleus of atoms and in the shell – of orbiting electrons.
However, the elementary particles presented in this way, formulated in the quantum-mechanical model, are not able to explain with sufficient accuracy many phenomena
encountered by both contemporary physics and chemistry in the context of the possibilities of measuring and imaging technology of the 21st century.
If we look at the history of understanding the structure of matter, we see that the size of “elementary” particles has been constantly decreasing.
Currently, we are able to study particles with a size of approximately 10-18 m using accelerators and energies of around 13 TeV, which we say are probably no longer divisible. However, theory suggests the possibility of something much smaller, about the size of the Planck length,
which is known as the physical length constant, and is approximately equal to 1.6×10−35 meters. This difference in size of another 17 orders of magnitude is approximately the difference between a human and a quark,
between which there are several levels of structure and substructure of matter.
And so it is a completely legitimate question whether the "elementary" particles known to us so far are not also made up of some substructures, which we do not yet know about and which we are not able to discover with the current possibilities of technology and our knowledge.
One of the theoretical possibilities for investigating the behavior of these substructures is given to us by modeling elementary particles according to Ring Theory. Elementary particle models are made up of multi-level ring structures that are bound to each other by electromagnetic forces. It is enough to admit that the electron and quark are further divisible and the question arises of how to cope with the structural composition of the sphere. Then the spherical object or point can be replaced by another elementary geometry, for example a ring. Suddenly another direction of possible structural conception of matter opens up. We find that the nucleus of atoms has a structure that is decisive and determining for the form of atoms, that electrons do not move in probabilistic orbitals, but levitate at specific locations determined by the structure of the nucleus and the balance of electromagnetic forces. Thanks to a different view of topological arrangement and structure, which does not require any complicated and intricate mathematical apparatus for its basic description, the structure of matter will become easier to understand and easier to imagine. Mathematical models and their interpretations will become simpler, thus less time-consuming, and we will be able to explain phenomena that have not yet been explained by the standard model, and as a result, find new explanations for physical and chemical phenomena and processes.
If we allow for the possibility of these substructures, then we can use the same structural basis for models of the photon,
electron, positron, quark, neutron, and proton.
The proposed approach to the structural description of matter seeks to make progress in the description/understanding of some hitherto difficult to explain phenomena related to the physics of elementary particles and atomic structure. The proposed approach gives us a tool that will help explain these phenomena. It allows us to clarify the basic chemical and physical reasons for the stability and reactivity of atoms and molecules and to identify new links in laws, phenomena and processes that the insufficient state of knowledge has not allowed us to do so far.